I qualified as an Occupational Therapist back in 1994!!! And enjoyed a career in physical OT working at what was then the Southern General Hospital in Glasgow and then in a Community Paediatric OT Team in Lanarkshire for many years. I was then fortunate enough to return to beautiful Wigtownshire and have the luxury of a 4-year career break focusing on the job of being a full-time mum to my wonderful children. When it was time to return to the world of work I had a decision to make, return to OT or try something new? I opted for the trying something new and spent 9 ½ years working as a Dementia Advisor and Carer Liaison Worker with Alzheimer Scotland, an extremely enjoyable but challenging job giving me the privilege of working and sharing the dementia journeys of many wonderful people and their families. This allowed me to use many of my core OT skills and also gain new skills and experience.
Then COVID happened and like many people I began to re-evaluate my career and the idea of returning to OT practice, which I had been considering for some time started to become a reality. It all started during conversations with Wendy Chambers D&G Dementia AHP Consultant and Laura Lennox D&G AHP Practice Education Lead. Laura made contact with Jacqui Pike Occupational Therapy Service Manager who kindly agreed to meet with me and discuss the process of returning to practice. Following that initial meeting Jacqui arranged to discuss this with the OT team and look into the possibility of creating a fixed term Return to Practice post for an OT within the D+G Mental Health OT Service. This all happened in May 2021. While I was waiting to hear about the return to practice post I started the daunting task of completing my 30 days private study required for return to practice.
I have to admit this was hard work while still working 31hrs a week and a mum of three children. I could not have done it without the help and support of my husband and children, all the meals prepared housework and dishes that were done not to mention dog walking!! However by December 2021 this was completed and following a very nervous interview I was offered Dumfries and Galloway’s first OT return to practice post based within the Mental Health OT Service. I started this post in March 2022 with a two month contract. The OT team were all incredibly helpful and supportive welcoming me to the team and making me feel very welcome, sharing their knowledge freely. I was very lucky to have the opportunity to work towards return to practice in a split post, three days in the community and 2 days in Midpark; this allowed me the maximum experience of both acute and stable mental health diagnoses and the vital role of OT in the person’s journey to recovery.
In April 2022 I completed my HCPC return to practice application and it was accepted, I am officially back on the Register as a State Registered Occupation Therapist. On 1st June 2022 I successfully interviewed for Band 5 Community Mental Health Occupational Therapy post covering Wigtownshire, and then on 21st June I was successful in my application for Dumfries and Galloway’s first Perinatal Mental Health OT post at Band 6 for one day a week, covering all of the region a region wide post and joining a small enthusiastic Perinatal Mental Health Team.
To be honest I do feel like pinching myself at times to make sure this is real, I cannot believe what a turnaround I have had in just 14 months. It has been the hardest 14 months of my professional life and the most rewarding; I cannot wait to see what the future holds for me and my career as an Occupational Therapist. If I can do it, so can you. There has never been a more exciting time to be an Occupational Therapist with many development’s in service delivery from Vocational Rehabilitation, First Episode Psychosis Teams and Perinatal Teams to name a few.
If this is something you are considering doing it is definitely worthwhile linking with your local NHS AHP Practice Education Lead for support and advice regarding organising clinical practise experience. RCOT website is also helpful and HCPC. For private study I found TURAS and NES Scotland very helpful with a broad range of modules and resources to access. Also depending on the area of work you wish to return to it is worth reading over latest government policies and strategies that are readily available.
Special thanks must go to my amazing family Kenny, Euan, Eilidh, Beth, Mack, Finn and Bert. My old university friend Lesley Bodin (NHS Lanarkshire) for all the support and reading material. Finally all my new colleagues in Dumfries and Galloway Mental Health OT team, but especially Jacqui Pike, Claire Martin, Sue Linford, Michelle Weems, Christine Bark, Nikki Sacuta and Inna Tjurina without their support and belief that my return to practice was worthwhile I would not be back doing the job I love. THANK YOU.
To mark Black History Month, we share stories and reflections from two members of the Dumfries & Galloway Health & Social Care Partnership. Alwayn Leacock, Clinical Teaching Fellow in Obstetrics & Gynaecology shares ‘From Chattels to DGRI’. Mustapha Mubaraq, GP Speciality Trainee shares ‘The Journey of a Thousand Miles’.
FROM CHATTELS TO DGRI
Alwayn Leacock
I am a West Indian born in Montrose on the Caribbean Island of St.Vincent and the Grenadines, which lies 118 miles West of Barbados and is roughly the same size of 150 square miles. It is inhabited by a mixed population of one hundred and ten (110) thousand people largely of slave descent 66%, Mixed 19%, East Indian 6%, Caucasian 4%, Other 3%. Sadly, the original indigenous population Caribs or Kalinago constitute only 4%. It is an Archipelago of Islands and Cays running South on a volcanic ledge from mainland St. Vincent in the North, extending Southward giving rise to the Grenadines, until one encounters Grenada. The Grenadines are so called because they, along with Grenada, were French territories but were ceded to the British in the treaty of Paris 1763 when Grenada became British for the final time. This mountainous Island is divided into Windward and Leeward sides by a central spine of mountains with an active volcano, La Soufriere, at the Northern point. Nestled at the feet of the La Soufriere volcano on the Windward side are the villages of the indigenous Kalinago peoples, Overland, Sandy Bay, Owia and Fancy with some of the most fertile volcanic ash enriched arable lands. La Soufriere erupted in 1902, 1979, and in March 2021. These volcanic eruptions are responsible for the unprecedented fertility of the soils of St. Vincent and to an extent the soils in Southern St. Lucia to the North and Barbados to the East.
SLAVERY
Mention slavery and everyone who is not African or of African descent becomes uncomfortable. Mention the Jewish holocaust and everyone is repulsed by the barbaric and inhumane way in which six million Jews were sent to their deaths in six short years by the Nazis. Started by the Portuguese and emulated by other European powers, slavery took place over four hundred years with the loss of life of millions. Britannia ruled the waves and commandeered the lion’s share of the slave market. About 1.8 million slaves are reputed to have died at sea and never got to the Caribbean. Over 12 million people were brought to the Caribbean and the Americas to be enslaved, but only six percent 6% went to North America, namely the USA.
For 82 days sailing between Africa and the Caribbean (the middle passage) slaves were shackled ankle to ankle and were merely tossed overboard to a watery grave if they died at sea. Slaves were also tossed overboard alive to lighten the load to prevent ships from floundering or sinking in high seas or hurricanes. There was no financial loss to the slaves owners because slaves were heavily insured property and their owners were well compensated, probably benefitted from their loss. There are historical accounts of one ship, the “Zong”, when slaves were deliberately tossed overboard to perpetrate insurance fraud.
ANCESTRY
I cannot deny my ancestry any more than anyone in Scotland could deny Robert the Bruce, Bonny Prince Charlie or Rabbie Burns, a much feared tax enforcer and collector who once contemplated the six week voyage to the colonies to seek his fortune. Scotland has a unique role in slavery because Scotsmen were mostly the middle managers who managed the estates for the absentee English Landlords. Some were of course Landlords/slave owners in their own right. Many of them sired many children with African slaves. It is because of this practice for over five centuries that the heritage and lives of Scots, Welsh, Irish and Englishmen are intimately, intricately and inextricably linked. European genes and diseases have been infused and woven into the fabric and life of the peoples of the Caribbean. Yet we arrive at the designation of West Indians like me as “Afrocaribbean” which totally denies that hefty European influence on religion, culture, habits, and genetics into the peoples of the Caribbean. This vexed question of how Europeans were present yet “not at fault” remains at the heart of a dire need for reconciliation and reparations. How do we also arrive at the very offensive term of “mixed race” when we had no choice but to be mixed by this legal system of enforced insemination that would be frowned upon today as rape and historical sex abuse with consequent legal prosecutions?
There is no Caribbean country that has not been colonised by a European country (Portugal, France, Spain, Britain namely England and the Netherlands. I was born a British subject but that ended when in 1979, 43 years ago my country was granted independence. However, my white colleague, with whom I grew up, retained their British citizenship because all through the period of slavery, British law stipulated that white persons born in the Caribbean are British. Today those white descendents, on coming of age, apply for a British passport and move to Britain to live with cousins, be further educated and work with all the rights and privileges accorded a British citizen. A lack of understanding of this process led to the “Windrush” scandal and latterly a statement steeped in ignorance by the current foreign Secretary himself, a man of mixed parentage, that the people from the Caribbean are “foreigners”. These “foreigners” rallied behind the crown and empire to fight two world wars, raised funds to purchase aircrafts for the Royal Air Force and sent their pots, pans and garden railings to be melted down for the war effort. The minority white West Indians, aka “planter class”, retain the privilege of owning the best arable lands on the islands and control the economic wealth of the islands. When slavery ended the ex slaves were forced to take to the hills to live and built their wooden and wattle and daub houses there. During slavery, slaves were given plots of land to cultivate to provide subsistence for their families. They were of the ill conceived notion that the land belonged to them only to be rudely informed otherwise, when they abandoned the plantations at the end of slavery.
INDEPENDENCE
The social disparity between the lives of the colonies and those in Britain led to the call for independence because for example, whereas a school would be built in Britain with all the amenities required, a comparable school in the Caribbean would be built with galvanised roofs and non tiled porous concrete floors that cannot be easily kept clean. Learning was impossible indoors in the 28 degree heat and many afternoon classes took place outside under the shade of the trees. The non Caucasian Caribbean folk pay four times as much to be educated in Britain whilst earning one quarter of what the average British citizen earns. Take for example the cost of our new DGRI built at the cost of 200 million pounds. This amounts to the entire budget of the state of St.Vincent and the Grenadines. There is no such thing as benefits in the Caribbean. Welfare for the elderly and care in the latter years comes through having large families.
We cannot forget our ancestry because we were denied education for over four hundred years. To be caught reading or educating oneself was punishable by the whip, amputations of fingers and hands, the stocks, imprisonment and hanging. The only method of keeping our history was for the ancestors to pass it down to the generations in stories and folk song as my late grandmother did. She is the only grandparent I knew. She was born in 1911 and remembers being told stories by her grandmother who was a slave. She would pass those stories about the cruelty of slavery to her children and us her grandchildren at every opportunity. Slaves were not thought to have a soul hence their bodies were not laid to rest in consecrated earth in Churchyards or Cemeteries. To this end not many people know where their ancestors are buried on the island. If they were buried, then it was in a reserved part of the burial ground, certainly without a headstone and definitely not amongst the white folk. Alternatively they were buried in their own slave burial ground. This practice was however discontinued at emancipation in 1838. It is important to note that Catholics initially got this treatment too. Irish Catholics enjoyed a free status just above that of the slave.
When I arrived in Britain on January sixth 1986 as a medical student; I walked into the education centre where the secretary of blessed memory Eve Titshall expressed surprise as she was expecting someone white from Wales. I knew that my surname came from Yorkshire but was surprised to find out that Alwayn was a Welsh forename carried by both genders, albeit spelt differently. She was an ardent socialist who literally adopted me there and then. From that day onwards until I returned home, there was never a day she didn’t enquire how I was doing and getting on and if I needed anything. She would even lend me her old Morris Minor so that I could get to my psychiatry clinics and tutorials at St. Ann’s Hospital in Haringey London. It was at this juncture that I first realised that there was such a thing as “mixed race”, “Afro Caribbean” and “miscegenation”. These words offend the very soul of every West Indian born in an English colony. Slaves were often referred to as monkeys by the enslavers and colonisers, so that today, being called a monkey is also very offensive and derogatory. Black immigrants to the U.K. were widely rumoured to have tails. My relatives recall going to parties in London and being felt from neck to bottom when in intimate hold with white women. When they enquired from the women why they did this, the answer came that they were feeling for their tails. I still cringe today when patients refer to their unborn babies or toddlers as “cheeky monkeys”.
RACE
Growing up we were used to several shades of blackness/whiteness but never had a preoccupation or reason to remind ourselves who was what. We befriended who we liked, fell in love and married who we loved. The dividing line was always rich versus poor, not skin colour. The Colonisers used skin colour to segregate slaves and came up with a gradation of whiteness ranging from Mulattoo½, Quadroons ¼, Mustee ⅛ and Mustifino 97% white. All of the preceding terms are considered highly offensive today. Growing up on the island we were one race, irrespective of shade of skin, and readily identified with Africa as our ancestral home. My extended family is a well brewed cosmopolitan mixture of Caribs, Portuguese, English, Hispanic, Japanese and East Indians.
We also felt proud to be British but our European/British ancestry has never been acknowledged. When applying for jobs or further education we never had to identify our race and still don’t. “Truth be told” our race has been mixed from day one. Black women were the bulwark of slavery; they provided free labour and pleasure and weewere property. Despite being married and living in a family setting, they could not deny being available for the pleasures of the white overseer or master and their husbands could do nothing about it. Slavery was predicated on profit only, so that whilst the white men pleasured themselves with the female slaves who they often portrayed as being promiscuous, they did not want the added financial burden of bringing up children who were not allowed to work in the fields until age ten.
Black wombs gave rise to slaves, whereas white wombs, on occasion, gave rise to freedom for children sired by black men. The prevailing practice was that when paternity was uncertain/questionable, it was left to be confirmed with dire consequences if it turned out that birth child was of Negro blood. In many cases the umbilical cord was not tied and the baby was left to exanguinate and announced to the unsuspecting public as a still birth. The offending suspect black male slave who would have been mercilessly beaten in public, sent to the stocks or executed would receive a second punishment if they survived the first. He however had no power to refuse the advances of the white mistress and was often beaten for refusal. Marriage of slaves was not legal, sanctioned or encouraged. Slaves married in secrecy within their own environment. Many families were broken up by wives, husbands or children being sold and sent to different Islands. The “mixed” children, who did not suffer this fate, were brought up free in the plantation houses; wet nursed by the house slave and were given less menial tasks.
Visitors to Scone Palace the seat of the Murray Dynasty in Perthshire where many Scottish Kings were crowned will see portraits of such an example of a free black woman. Dido was the niece of Lord Mansfield who possessed a double peerage. He was solicitor general before becoming Attorney general to the King. Dido was brought to Perthshire by her uncle to live upon the death of her father a senior naval rating and the nephew of Lord Mansfield. Dido’s mother was a black slave. White guests were astonished that a black woman sat at the same table as the white aristocracy to be served meals and very much equitably treated at the after dinner events. Dido later moved to London to be the private secretary of Lord Mansfield the distinguished jurist who did much to enhance English merchant law on the eve of the seven years war that underpinned British Naval dominance of the high seas to the advantage of the slave traders. However, he avoided issues of slavery; his main and only contribution being to rule that an escaped slave, James Somersette, who escaped slavery in Virginia, and moved to a free country such as Britain could not be returned to the colonies to be re-enslaved or punished. Interestingly it was the British Navy that enforced the end of trafficking of slaves from Africa to the West Indies.
The absence/scarcity of white females during the early part of slavery meant that black enslaved women satisfied the sexual needs of the white male enslavers by default. They were property and the practice continued for all of the period. Despite that proverbial denial we West Indians are therefore NOT AfroCaribbean but AfroWelsh, AfroIrish, AfroScot, AfroHispanic, AfroEnglish, AfroPortoguese, AfroFrench, AfroDutch.
ECONOMICS:
Slavery was steeped in commerce and profit making; it was not uncommon for a slave to work to buy his freedom and that of his family and then be allowed to have slaves him or herself. It was only through this cheap labour that they profited. Despite the enforced impregnation and portrayal of black women as being promiscuous, they disdained costly child rearing which had to be undertaken for fifteen years. It was much more profitable to import slaves from Africa. That being said, without any family planning and contraception, it was not uncommon that a woman was always pregnant giving birth in excess of 12 children or being pregnant in excess of twenty times. Slavery presented an occasion where a mother, daughter and granddaughter may all have the same white father.
A young female, probably out playing or foraging one day, would find herself being surrounded by white men carrying guns (fire sticks) After capture they would be frog marched to the gold coast and corralled whilst awaiting transport to the colonies. They would never see their homeland again. This was an 82 day journey with humans packed as sardines, shackled heel to heel in a prone position below deck. They were smeared by an admixture of body fluids, effluent excrement, vomitus, and menstrual blood. When the stench became unbearable buckets of sea water was used to wash the slaves down; no doubt washing diseases into bruises and pressure sores on the bodies of the slaves. Fear of mutiny prevented unshackling of the slaves for sanitary purposes so that they arrived in the Caribbean malnourished, lice infested, and disease infected.
WOMEN’S PLIGHT: (No Obstetrics or Gynaecology)
A Girl arriving in preadolescent state would be fattened for auction and shortly after found herself forever pregnant, iron deficient, malnourished and having to breast feed her babies. There was provision for an annual suit of clothing/dress. Not only did women work in the fields outnumbering the men they worked from five (5) am to seven (7) pm until the day of delivery. Pregnancy was no reason for escaping the whip and pregnant women were beaten for being lazy even when it was obvious that they had gone into labour and could not work.
There was no hospital; birth was in a crude chattel or makeshift hospital with earthen floors, often located near the stables. Delivery was by traditional birth attendees and not doctors. The slave woman was expected to report for work the day after delivery. Those privileged to work in the plantation house: “house slaves”, mostly females, were expected to wet-nurse the children of the white planters in preference of their own children. Life expectancy was short averaging around age (35) thirty five years, having given birth to an excess of ten children and being a grandparent by then. We can extrapolate from this that menstrual problems and endometriosis would not have existed. Complaints were mainly due to diarrhoeal diseases, fibroids, sepsis, infectious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases. Cervical diseases would have been very prevalent with no surgical cure or worthwhile medical intervention. In many cases frank quackery and experimentation prevailed. Women affected by cervical cancers and the complications of birth such as rectovaginal and vesicovaginal fistulae would be shunned and placed in isolation. Womb cancer was rare but infant mortality was very high, partly for reasons of infanticide explained before. However, slaves also committed infanticide to try and control births and having to bring up so many children. Also in cases of egregious rape and incest, but this was punishable by hanging. There were no consequences for white women who committed infanticide because their attendants were often house slaves who could not bear witness against their white masters.
HAIROUNA
St Vincent and the Grenadines prides itself with being the last country to be colonised by the British as we had fierce indigenous ancestors the Kalinago who fought off the French 1719 and British 1723. The French had been trying since 1610 to settle the island. The Island became a haven for runaway slaves from other Islands (Maroons). Two British ships carrying slaves sank off St.Vincent between 1664 and 1665. Some slaves swam to safety and others were rescued by the Caribs. They were enslaved and intermarried and gave rise to the Black Caribs or Garifuna. The Garifuna were so fierce that even after the seven years war 1763 when the Island was ceded by the French to the British by the treaty of Paris; the British had difficulty settling the island.
The British fortified each island with a series of forts with cannons placed 1200 feet apart. The cannons had a range of 600 feet so that any invading French ship by sea would always be caught within range. However, the black Caribs of St Vincent were so fierce that a fortress was built between 1763 and 1806. It was named Fort Charlotte in honour of Queen Charlotte the wife of George III, herself of Moorish ancestry. It perched on Berkshire hills with Edinboro village (Edinburgh) nestled at its feet and overlooking Port Kingstown. Uniquely the cannons of this fort face inland to defend it from the Caribs. At the sign of trouble the Governor whose mansion sits at the top of the Botanic gardens would be driven to the fort a mile away to safety and the draw bridge retracted.
For the short duration in which it became fully established as a slave colony, St Vincent produced more sugar than all of the Caribbean Islands save for Cuba and Jamaica. The only surviving medical documentation of the care of slaves comes from the Island recorded by the colonial doctor, Dr. Collins, an owner of a plantation and slaves. His medical manual, written in 1803 (Practical treatment for the management and medical treatment of Negro Slaves) forms part of the archives of Kings College London and the Home Office. This manual detail all the apothecaries measurements and how to make up medicines for the treatment for every ailment that affected slaves. At a time when there were fierce arguments in London for the abolition of slavery, he argued against abolition and for better treatment of slaves. The rationale was that if slaves enjoyed better wellbeing, more value would be gained from their longevity and ability to work. He records that “the blood of Negros is of uncommonly dilute texture, possessing in numerous cases scarcely colour enough to tinge linen” In hindsight, and knowing what we do today, it is most likely that slaves would have been proverbially anaemic, iron deficient and nutritionally deprived, plus carriers of sickle cell disease.
HISTORICAL PECULIARITIES
Nutrition and food supply was such a heavy burden to the planters that the breadfruit was brought to St. Vincent and the Grenadines on January 23rd 1793 by Captain James Bligh, of Mutiny on the Bounty fame, from Tahiti. The first sapling was brought on HMS providence and planted in the Botanic garden to be propagated before distribution to the other islands. This Botanic garden is the oldest in the Western hemisphere and was established by a Scotsman, George Young, a surgeon in the 48th Regiment of Foot. He was a graduate of Glasgow University; he matriculated in 1754 and gained his license to practice in 1764 having served through that time in many military campaigns in North America. Young was a keen Botanist and has written extensively about life on the Island. The garden was created on the orders of the Governor, Robert Melville, in 1765 so that plants could be propagated for the procurement of medicines for the British Army and Navy; Britain having just won St. Vincent from the French, but there was little Government funding for the garden. So important was the garden that even when Young had to relocate to St. Lucia as the French had taken control of the Island, he was still consulted by the French curator about the well being and care of the plants. When the garden came under threat by the resident Governor who occupied the estate and almost ruined the garden, orders were sent out from London rebuking the Governor and making the garden a protectorate. The second curator was also a Scotsman, Alexander Anderson from Aberdeen, a graduate of St. Andrews University who was the assistant surgeon to George Young. Today the Botanic is the location for the Nichols wild life conservatory for the preservation of the Amazona guildingi Parrot that is native only to the Island. The Island also has the second oldest forest reserve in the western hemisphere: situated in the parish of St. George 14 kilometres from Kingstown it is a natural habitat for the parrot.
WHALING & BOAT BUILDING
The twelve 12 square mile island of Bequia 9 miles to the south of mainland St. Vincent is unique. It was the holiday Island retreat of Prime Minister Anthony Eden, who bequeathed funds to have a park created in his name. It also has a Whaling history. Traditional Whalers are allowed, under International Whaling convention, to slaughter one Whale annually for local consumption and subsistence. These whales come to the Caribbean waters to give birth in the sheltered Bequia sound. There they are harpooned by local harpooners, descendents of the Scots; Vis a Vis the Ollivieres and Mitchells. Whaling was brought to these parts by Scottish Whalers who chased the whales across the Atlantic to Bequia and from North America. Once caught, the whale’s carcass is taken to the only remaining of the two whaling stations on “Isle de Quatre”, a tiny off shore cay in the sound. The whale’s blubber and sperm containing putrecene and spermidine were exported back to Britain and North America to fill the oil lamps of the houses and the streets lamps and to make perfumes for the great and the good. Pilot whales are also caught on the mainland in the town of Barouallie for local consumption (black fish).
Bequia is also famous for boat building and was once deemed the boat building capital of the Caribbean. Many boats which plied the Caribbean seas were built in Bequia up to the mid seventies when the craft ceased at the death of the last shipwrights. I remember plying the Bequia channel reputedly one of the deepest sea water channels in the world on these locally built boats, “Whistler” and “Sea Hawk”, on day trips to Bequia or to spend my summer holidays. Today boat building is limited to small fishing and Whaling boats and model boat building. These craftsmen William Mitchell and his three sons were mainly Scottish descent. The industry was pioneered by an Englishman Mr. Benjamin George Compton; Mitchell’s father in Law.
THE RICH AND FAMOUS
The Island of Mustique lies within the archipelagic jurisdiction of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. The Grenadines are so called because they were originally Grenadian territories under French rule but were ceded to the British after the seven years war. Most people are aware of Mustique as the haunt of the rich and famous, including the Royals. The island of 1400 acres was bought for 45 thousand pounds in 1958 by Colin Tennant, the third Lord Glenconner. His family seat is in Inverleithen on the 9000 acre estate surrounding a castle in Peeblesshire. He was earmarked by Queen Elizabeth, the Queen’s mother, to be a suitor for Princes Margaret; but she fostered nothing but a strong platonic relationship with him. He granted her a parcel of land on Mustique where she built a house to seek refuge away from the press and paparazzi; or so she thought. Mustique is the home today of celebrities such as Tommy Hilfiger, Shania Twain, Mick Jagger and Brian Adams. When he sold Mustique, Lord Glenconner moved to Soufriere in St. Lucia and settled in his chalet at the foothills of the Pitons establishing another exclusive tourist resort there. He willed his estate of 22 million pounds to his illiterate elephant carer Kent Adonal, who cared for him at the end of his life when he lay dying from cancer. The will was contested by his wife of 54 years in Peeblesshire.
ROLE OF THE CHURCH
Religion was used to subjugate slaves. The church itself owned many slaves. Dr Collins, in his manual, speaks to the bible ordaining slaves to be subservient and obedient to their master. St. George’s Anglican Cathedral in the centre of Kingstown possesses a gilded wooden chandelier gifted to the church by George I and a stained glass window gifted by Queen Victoria who was horrified at St. Peter’s red coat. Underneath the Chandelier lies the stone slab epitaph and burial site of Scotsman Major Alexander Leith from Aberdeen. Leith came from a prominent family in Aberdeen but his family lost their inheritance by internal squabbling. Leith, a trained attorney, travelled to the colonies in 1771 to seek his fortune. He was commissioned into the local militia as a captain. The militias’ main role was enforcing the laws of slavery and defending the island from the French. But along with his cohort of Scottish friends; Murray Farquarhason of Coldrach, McDuff Fyfe from Cabrach, William Lumsden of Cushnie, the ulterior motive was to acquire more Carib lands for expansion of plantation slavery and sugar production. He owned ten slaves and had two sons by an enslaved woman. He is memorialised and venerated by Walter Scott in his famous poem “Hiroona” for having killed the Carib Chief Joseph Chatoyer in the second/last Carib war at Dorsetshire Hill overlooking Kingstown where an obelisk now stands in Chatoyers’ memory as the first national hero. Chatoyer’s body has never been found. Leith however was buried in the Cathedral with great military pomp. Upon his death his two sons and wife were granted freedom “manumission”. The proceeds of his estate were use to educate one of his sons in Aberdeen who later returned to the island and along with his mother and brother, bought and owned slaves.
FATE OF THE CARIBS
Shortly after the last Carib wars in 1796, the British rounded up the Caribs and detained them offshore on a barren islet called Balliceaux. During that time as many as 5000 Caribs were thought to have died and perished from exposure without clothing and lack of rations. From Balliceaux they were transported to Roatan an Island 35 miles off Belize and Honduras. Balliceaux is today revered as a shrine to their ancestors. Garifuna the world over look to St. Vincent and the Grenadines as their ancestral home. The Garifuna language and culture thrives in Honduras and parts of Belize but has been lost to the indigenous Caribs of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
COLONIAL GOVERNANCE
Many of the colonial Governors of St. Vincent and the Grenadines were Scottish. Some of their epitaphs can be located in St.George’s Cathedral. Governors: Dundas, Murray, Brisbane, Bentinck, Dalrymple, Cameron, Campbell, Coutts, Musgrave, Rennie, and Wright to name a few. Indeed many of the black descendents can trace their ancestry back to Scotland. The relationship between England and the Union States (Great Britain) were such that the tendency was for the English landlords to remain in Britain and travel out to the colonies on occasion (absentee ownership), whereas the Welsh, Irish and Scots were the managers who lived in the islands, ran the slave estates and enforced slavery. The Welsh, Scots and Irish were also land and slave owners in their own right. There seem to be no enthusiasm for the Caribbean people to reconcile their Scottish ancestry partly because there is persistent denial of the facts of history. In 2014 the SNP under Alex Salmond invited Scots the world over to come home to Scotland. He mentioned every continent in the world and all of the Diaspora, but not a single Caribbean country.
SELF GOVERNANCE
We arrived at a state where on the island growing up; as a colony intra regional travel was unrestrained, because we were all British. After a failed attempt to federate in 1958 -1962; Jamaica was the first to withdraw. This prompted Eric Williams, leader of oil rich, Trinidad to usher his proclamation (one from ten equals Nought.) We then emerged as separate states as Vincentians, Barbadians, Jamaicans, Trinidadians, and Antiguans. Before this we moved freely from Island to Island to work in the civil service, West India Regiment or to find better lives. Today as independent countries, a passport is required for intraregional travel. Independence has brought us self governance. Britain’s aim was that we would emulate the Westminster democracy but far from; we are now far too small unsustainable states, more dependent on international aid than before. Some of our governments are democratic tyrannies where there is direct victimisation of citizens who share different political opinions. Had we been give equal status in a union of British states with Britain or turned over to the USA as payments for debts owed during the war as Churchill had intended we would be better off as a people. Time was when the children of the slaves emerging out of poverty were required to work at the large estate houses and could only enter those premises from the servants’ entrance at the back of the houses. Children visiting their white friends or accompanying any adult who worked in these houses could only do so through the back yard and remain in the kitchens. Until the late 1980s box pews were reserved for slaves and ex slaves at the back of the Cathedral; they were replaced during the refurbishing of the Cathedral by the first black Dean of the Cathedral, Reverend Ulric Smith. One pew was retained for historical interest. Emerging out of this reverence is a culture unique to St. Vincent called “nine mornings”. The novena was well attended at 5am by the Planters. They woke at two, 2:AM in the morning to take the trek to the Cathedral. The slaves on whom they imposed Christianity accompanied the planters for security purposes. Rather than sit at the back of the church during the service in the box pews, the slaves took to the streets in revelry and dancing for nine consecutive mornings except Sundays. They returned the church at the end of mass at seven 7:AM to accompany the planters to market for fresh foods and meats before returning home. This unique celebration continues today in a modified form of church vigils and processions, stage performances, street games tennis, volleyball, football, and cricket. Early morning swims, bicycle racing, bicycle decorating, skating dance hall fetes and street jump up accompanied by steel pans ending shortly after dawn to allow for the daily traffic and commerce. Every town and village has their own ceremony.
DEATH & TAXES
At death, taxes (death dues) were levied on the property of the ex slave and his descendents. Slaves were not compensated at the end of slavery so any wealth or property that was accrued came by hard labour and thrift and anything that was passed down by inheritance. However, this burden was so overwhelming that very often family property had to be sold or forfeited to the state because the inheritors were unable to pay the death taxes. Life expectancy was short so that if the person who inherited died soon after, then another set of death dues were levied on that estate. Surviving family either forfeited the inheritance to the state or took out hefty loans on the property to avoid forfeiture. In short, black people were being returned to a state of economic enslavement. Our post colonial elected Governments recognised this death debt trap and upon attaining independence Governments have abolished death dues.
THE ROYAL NAVY
When slave trading was outlawed in Britain, it was the British Navy; hitherto they had safeguarded the slave ships at sea and were on standby to put down rebellion. Now it was they who enforced the law on the seas in order to end the trafficking of slaves and ensure that any such slaves were brought to port and set free. The law to abolish slavery was passed in 1807 but was never promulgated until 1837 and came into enforcement on August 1st 1837. During slavery, the slaves were allowed to use lands for growing ground provisions. They abandoned the plantations at abolition and suddenly found that the lands they thought were theirs had to be vacated. They found themselves landless and took to the hills to dwell. They built their own wooden chattels some of wattle and daub. This mass exodus of free labour saw the planters turning to India to fill the void, with the importation of East Indians from the subcontinent to work as indentured labourers.
Whereas slaves were never paid or compensated, the Indians were paid for their labour. Indians who did not repatriate to India were then able to get an economic foothold on the islands and soon built their own homes and established businesses. When King George III signed the abolition of slavery act in 1807, the planters and slave owners demanded compensation for lost of property. This compensation was financed by a loan from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and his Brother-in-law Moses Montefiore in 1837 to the value of 15 million pounds the total cost of compensation was 20 million. This amount (20bn) twenty billion in today’s money was finally paid off in 2015. The act came into being on August 28th 1833 and took effect August first 1834. August first is today celebrated in all the islands as Emancipation Day, but in the U.K. August bank is the last Monday in August.
POST EMANCIPATION STRUGGLES
How do the descendent of slaves who were never educated, one suit of clothing annually and no property arrive at where we are today? It all boils down to the matriarch of the family my grandmother. She fell pregnant at age 13 and lived in a chattel house at the top of Monkey Hill, now aptly renamed upper New Montrose because of objections to the name by the residents. Her outside kitchen was made of wattle and daub. The oven was outside of the kitchen and made from an oil drum. Coals made from the trees in the surrounding woodlands were placed on the top. The fire place was made of three rounded stones upon which the cast iron pots stood. The smoky taste of my grandmothers’ food is irreplaceable. One of the ironies of life is that with increasing wealth of the descendents of slaves there has been an urge to build large mansions of the hill sides. This is merely to show wealth and in pursuit of a view thereby crowding out the original poor settlers who occupied the hill sides.
With only primary schooling and no skill my Grandmother and many of my great aunts were house servants. She being a woman relatively uneducated and unskilled, fell pregnant at age 13. To her, education was the key, with the help of my father the oldest child who left primary school at age twelve (12) and worked to help his mother to care for his eight (8) younger siblings, using small subsistence farming thus enabling my third uncle to become a police. He rose to the rank of assistant commissioner of police on the island after being trained at the regional police centre at Seawell in Barbados then at Hendon in London. My last uncle was able to attend University and become a Secondary School Principal. Upon her death Grandmother a staunch Anglican, who got up at five (5) am every Sunday to attend mass at six 6 am and was never late; was buried in the Church yard, as was my late mother three years ago. She too awoke at 5 am to attend mass and was never late. My mum another strong believer in Education; a tummy upset was easily cured with a dose of castor oil and off to school. Our route to success was education which my father insisted on. All of his children attended secondary school. He being a self made entrepreneur worked to pay the school fees for his children to attend the best primary and secondary school in the state. He went to night school to learn math so that he could assist my older siblings with home work, and paid for private tuition.
By the time I came along school fees were abolished but books had to be bought. However, I was fortunate to be granted a government scholarship to the premier secondary school where books were provided. Thereafter I gained another scholarship to Medical School after working for six months as a secondary school teacher and three years with Barclays Bank. Working in Barclays Bank was a momentous achievement and milestone because hitherto only the children of the planter class would be employed in a Bank, let alone Barclays. Born in Montrose, Kingstown, St Vincent, I spent the last 23 years in the UK. 22 years in spent in Scotland, 18 of those in Dumfries and Galloway. Of those 18 years fourteen spent as the Clinical Teaching Fellow. Prior to this I had returned to the island and spent 10 years in service. One of the strangest paradox is that having been schooled in English all my life and speaking no other language than “the Queen’s English” which our parents insisted on (no jargon or local pigeon in their presence). I was required to take an English test (IELTS) before returning to Britain to work. I had to travel to Venezuela where only Spanish was spoken to take this exam. When Britain opened up to the EU I was displaced from my job and became unemployable because I was not an European citizen. Many people from Europe walked into the English speaking NHS in preference to English speaking “Afro Caribbean” former colonists, not being able to speak a word of English. The results of such a bold decision are well known with untold tragic death due to poor communications.
I am often greeted by the question “what brought you here”? My standard answer is opportunity and education. The fallacy that we all want to migrate to the U.K. does not stand. This is exemplified by the citizens of Puerto Rico and Hawaii who do not all rush to live in the U.S. or citizens of the French colonies in the Caribbean who know that they could always go to France for a weekend and return home to the Caribbean where they prefer to live within five minutes of a Malibu and the Beaches.
Given the fact that I cannot separate myself from my signature woolly hat come rain or sunshine at any time of the year attests to this. One would realise the herculean effort it takes to abandon the climate and the beaches of the Caribbean for the weather of the U.K. and Bonny Scotland.
Reference: Slavery Images: A Visual Record of the African Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Early African Diaspora
THE JOURNEY OF A THOUSAND MILES
Mustapha Mubaraq
My love for medicine began when I was 8 years old. I remember my mama asking me what I want to become in life. The only thing that came to my mind was treating people – I told her I would love to be a lifesaver. Since then, I have been committed to this journey. I remembered how I had started watching documentaries (medical) on our 10-inch black and white TV as a little boy. I saw a documentary on Clarence Walton Lillehei (1918 – 1999), who may justifiably be called the “father of open-heart surgery”. I was hooked by what I saw, and the dream of practising medicine has never left since then.
The first litmus test was securing a placement in a science class during junior to senior secondary school transition (high school equivalent here). It was a hard-fought victory, as I was among the few who eventually made it. There were many ups and downs, but I passed my high school exams with flying colours. In Nigeria, being a doctor is a big achievement. For instance, there was no single doctor in the entire local community I came from. Some of my mates accepted defeat before the battle started. They thought medicine was only for the gifted ones. Even though my juvenile mind had no idea how it would happen, one thing was clear: “nothing else but medicine.”
I studied hard during my A-level days. The system was designed so candidates can only apply to a limited number of medical schools (maximum of two). I chose the two most highly rated colleges of medicine. I got my first choice even though only about a hundred of us were selected from over nine thousand applicants across the federation. Medical school was hard – admission into medical school does not mean you will be a doctor. Only about half of the new intakes do make it to the final. There were many hurdles, but I never lost focus. I was determined to see it through.
In my second year, the proper training began. The challenge was things were too theoretical than practical. I had to commit a lot to memories, and I found them vague and boring. I then began to research medicine abroad. Facebook was trendy then, and I managed to follow some USMLE groups and read people’s “matching” stories. That inspired me a lot and re-shaped my thought about medicine. I started using USMLE-styled materials to study, and I loved them.
To cut a long story short, I graduated 6 years and some months after starting medical school with loads of achievements – always an honour to have piloted the affairs of my set “quiz and debate team” with resounding success. Immediately after graduation, I wrote the first USMLE step and did amazingly well. I had wanted to have a go at the second, but the situation in my country took a negative turn – rising inflation and economic recession made the journey daunting. Two years after writing the first step, my financial standing remained poor, making me retrace my steps and find another alternative.
THE UK JOURNEY
After it dawned on me that I might not be able to finance the US journey, I had to think of possible alternatives. I was left with two options – to remain in Nigeria and go into specialist training or try PLAB (UK equivalent of USMLE) and move to the UK. I remembered waking up several nights trying to permutate things – I decided to give PLAB a go having considered its financial implication. I started by writing IELTS but again suffered another setback. I did not make it the first time.
My wife had written the same exam (IELTS) a few months earlier and passed on the first attempt. She was doing her pre-registration training (Pharmacy) then and was keen on leaving the country. We both sat down and decided she should apply for OSPAP (Overseas Pharmacists’ Assessment Programme) organized by the UK Pharmaceutical Council, of which IELTS is a key requirement. Again, raising money for the program was difficult, but we were determined this won’t be another failed experiment. We sold off some of our belongings, including cars and applied for loans from friends and family. It was difficult raising funds because of the country’s economic situation at that time. So, the decision was to leave my daughter and me behind so that we could concentrate the little we have on sponsoring her UK journey. That was the bravest decision we ever made as a couple!
THE PANDEMIC ——
Two months after my wife had left Nigeria, the novel virus was found somewhere in Wuhan. As most pandemic does, it sends chaos everywhere, and most countries begin closing their borders. I became very nervous and traumatized. Every day I looked at the eyes of my daughter, I could only feel sorry for myself for engineering the separation. While I was working 24 hours in Nigeria to offset the loans we incurred, my wife was doing a care job to survive the pandemic. I lost count of many nights we both cried our hearts out. We weren’t sure if our decision was right or wrong.
AND THE WIN ——
On the second attempt, I managed to scale through the hurdle of the English exam. My wife and I were so happy that day. We both agreed I would book the next available PLAB 1 slot and give it a go. Unfortunately, a few days later, GMC announced that PLAB exams were suspended till further notice. Months after months, I kept checking the GMC website and reading all PLAB-related news to see if the suspension would be lifted and new dates announced. Disappointingly, 6 months had passed with no date announced.
As things begin to ease off, the UK government begins lifting COVID restrictions. I knew the border would be open to immigrants in no time, and the flight would resume. So, I had only one task: to prepare all the necessary travel documents and apply without further delay once the announcement was made. As I predicted, things started moving fast, new PLAB exam dates were announced, the UK government lifted the travel ban and gradually, life started returning to normal – the good old days!
I passed the two licensing exams in record time! Just about two months apart. I was happy that my efforts and sacrifices paid off at last. On landing at Heathrow, my wife was already in terminal 5, waiting to be reunited with her family after 9 months of separation.
It dawns on me that as humans, whatever we have begun, we are more than capable of finishing it. We need to sometimes re-strategize and never take our eyes off the goal.
The new national Suicide Prevention Strategy and Action Plan – Creating Hope Together[1]– was launched on Thursday Sept 29th and with it brings a vision to how we can all work together to improve mental wellbeing and prevent suicide.
Sadly, there were 753 probable suicides in Scotland during 2021 including 20 within our region of Dumfries & Galloway.[2] However it’s known that for every life lost to suicide, many more people will be impacted or struggling with their mental health. With World Mental Health Day taken place on Monday 10th October it’s an opportunity to consider the roles we all have to play.
Very recently, three little words have emerged in the Scottish national mental health field that have the potential to make a big difference – time, space and compassion. Whilst these words have been applied to crisis support and intervention, it has spurned my thoughts to how these they could be applied to all aspects of our lives, including the workplace, and how we can all take steps to look after ourselves and provide support to those around us.
It’s important that we give ourselves the same care and compassion that we would give to a friend. Life can be busy and sometimes feel overwhelming, but making the time and space within our daily life and to do something for ourselves can make a difference – whether its connecting with a friend, going for a short walk or taking 5 minutes to enjoy a cup of tea.
We need to be able to provide a compassionate response to our own needs in order to be able to help those around us within our professional roles. Investing time, space and compassion in ourselves is a good investment – taking just 5 minutes of self care can help! There are lots of tips and hints via https://clearyourhead.scot/ that can be built into our days depending on your own needs and lifestyle.
As teams and colleagues we need to be able to look out for and support each other. Being able to recognise the signs that someone is struggling, giving the time and space to talk and being able to listen compassionately can make a big difference and might just change someone’s life.
As an organisation, it’s important that an open culture of kindness and compassion is promoted where it’s okay to say that we are struggling, that empathy is provided when times are difficult and there are opportunities to gain support.
The International Association for Suicide Prevention is encouraging us all to ‘Take Time to Reach Out’. [3] This may be for ourselves if we are struggling, to reach out to someone we trust – whether that would be a friend, colleague or a service – or through looking out for those around us and reaching out when we notice that someone may be struggling and helping the person to gain appropriate support. This could be direct mental health support or access to support and advice to other issues such as finance, bereavement or isolation.
Unfortunately, there is still a level of stigma associated with mental health and this can make it difficult for people to reach out and access help. ‘see me..’ the national campaign for ending the stigma and discrimination of mental ill-health have recently stated that ‘nearly two fifths of Scottish workers think that people in their workplace would be unlikely to speak about a mental health problem for fearing of losing their jobs’.[4] In addition, people are often afraid to reach out to others and provide initial support as they fear that they will say the wrong thing or make things worse. This needs to change.
Our NHS are providing courses for both staff and managers to help ensure that individuals feel better prepared to support staff and colleagues within the workplace. This includes improving knowledge in respects of mental health itself, being aware of signs and symptoms when someone is under distress and knowledge of self-help strategies as well as the help and support that is available. The Art of Listening is also a useful guide to talking, listening and reducing stigma surrounding suicide.
Most importantly, there is help available and be assured its okay to access help when you need it. The Staff Psychology Service is available for staff across the Health & Social Care Partnership and a range of support is available at both a 1-1 and team level. In addition, the Spiritual Care team are available to provide a compassionate, non-judgmental presence to people of all faiths and non faith. There are also other support services as shown below.
So my message to you is – how can you take three little words and make a difference in your world and the world around you today?
Claire Thirlwall
Project Manager – Working Well Staff Support Projects/Health & Wellbeing Specialist/ Suicide Prevention Lead for Dumfries & Galloway
This year is the first time that speaking up at work has been highlighted with a dedicated week. Its purpose is to remind staff about the culture we want to see in NHS Dumfries & Galloway and to make sure everyone knows there are routes and support available if you want to raise issues.
During this week, you have hopefully had the opportunity to listen to some short videos about what speaking up means in NHS Dumfries & Galloway. If you haven’t had the chance, you can catch up by clicking the links in the Core Briefing from Monday 3 October or on the NHS D&G You Tube channel.
The videos have purposely tried to make clear the difference between a grievance (such as bullying and harassment) and whistleblowing (in relation to quality of care and patient safety). There are different processes for each. The only time a grievance might also become a whistleblowing matter is where it is apparent that it is impacting more widely upon quality and safety of care.
In NHS Dumfries & Galloway, we want to have an open and learning environment which means that perceived issues can be sorted out as close to the issue as possible. This could mean talking to your colleagues, having a discussion at a team meeting to agree some actions, raising it with your line manager or arranging a conversation with an appropriate clinical leader or manager. Resolving issues as close to the root of them is ideally where we want our culture to be. A culture where people aren’t scared to speak up or feel that it’s pointless. As hard working and committed NHS staff, you are all well used to problem solving on a daily basis – we want everyone, at every level of the organisation, to feel that they have an important contribution to make to how it feels to work here. We shouldn’t be scared of challenge because it can deliver positive changes.
However, we do recognise that in some situations, the issue or risk isn’t dealt with adequately at that local level. We also understand the dynamic of working in a small Board – where we live in small communities and where colleagues become friends outside of work or are related – could mean someone might be scared or apprehensive about approaching their line manager. When this happens, the Whistleblowing Standards for the NHS in Scotland are available to support you to determine how best to deal with your concerns.
They are there to protect people who formally whistleblow. They’re there to make sure that people who whistleblow are supported and taken seriously. That the process of investigating the issue or risk is fair and as quick as possible. That if you whistleblow, you’re kept up to date with what is happening and get feedback. And ultimately, that if there is a genuine issue or risk, it’s dealt with and any learning is embedded and shared with relevant parts of the organisation.
There is a final stage available if the whistleblower feels that the issue hasn’t been resolved and that is through the national Independent Whistleblowing Officer (INWO) who will investigate complaints and, where needed, recommend action for the NHS organisation to take. In addition to complaints, the INWO has a national leadership role providing support and guidance to NHS organisations, focusing on appropriate early resolution, and good practice in whistleblowing handling, recording, reporting, learning and improvement. Their ultimate aim is to ensure that patients receive a good, safe service from a well-run NHS in Scotland.
Finally, here’s an ask. In the spirit of Speak up Week, it would be great if you could take an opportunity to talk about what speaking up means to you and your colleagues. If you feel that you can, and if not, what the reasons for that are. Where it’s in your gift, perhaps you could agree how you might work together to solve a particular problem. And if it needs to be escalated somewhere else, how you’ll do that and what your expectations are.
The power of change and improvement lies with all of you. Use your voices to bring that to life.
More information on the whistleblowing process and the help available can be accessed on Beacon at:
Each NHS Board has a whistleblowing champion who is a non-executive director. The whistleblowing champion monitors and supports the effective delivery of the whistleblowing Standards. They are also expected to raise any issues of concern with the Board in relation to the implementation of the Standards, patterns in reporting of concerns or in relation to issues emerging from cases. They do not get involved in individual cases.
NHS Dumfries and Galloway’s whistleblowing champion is:
dghealth 
